There are two ways to represent information: analog and digital.

Before the digital revolution, information was primarily stored and transmitted in analog forms. Analog technology, like vinyl records for music or film cameras for photos, captures and processes data in continuous signals. For example, a vinyl record captures sound waves as physical grooves on a spinning disc, while a film camera records images as continuous variations in light. A painting is also an example of an analog system because the number of possible color combinations is infinite.

Analog systems use smooth, continuous signals to represent information, such as a vinyl record’s varying grooves or a thermometer’s mercury level, which can have an infinite range of values. In contrast, digital systems use discrete signals to handle information, like the precise pixels in a digital photo or the numbers on a digital clock. While analog signals can degrade and be affected by noise, digital signals are clearer, more reliable, and easier to store and transmit without loss of quality.

Both analog and digital signals can be affected by noise, which is unwanted information that mixes with the signal and can make it difficult to differentiate what is part of the signal and what is noise. One key difference between analog and digital is that with digital signals, the signal can be separated from the noise, whereas with analog, it is more difficult to separate the signal from the noise. The reason digital signals can separate the signal from the noise, up to a point, is that digital signals display information with discrete values. A digital signal can remove and filter noise because of its discrete nature, allowing for a threshold to be set—meaning a signal above a certain level will be read as a higher discrete value, while signals below a certain level will be read as a lower discrete value. In contrast, analog signals are continuous, making them more susceptible to noise because the information cannot be easily separated from it or filtered. In analog systems, such as traditional phones, noise electrons appear the same as signal electrons, making it impossible to differentiate between the signal and the noise.

Being digital means that information is stored, processed, and transmitted as numbers rather than physical or continuous signals. This makes it easy to copy, share, and manipulate data, functioning as a super-efficient way to handle all sorts of information in our modern world.

Digital technology has largely replaced analog technology due to its many advantages. One key advantage is its noise resistance; digital technology can separate the signal from the noise when representing information because it is discrete, while continuous analog systems cannot. Additionally, digital signals can be compressed and processed more efficiently. Lastly, digital copies maintain their original quality, while analog copies degrade over time. An example of this is Rembrandt’s “Night Watch,” a famous painting which could have faded and changed color over time because it is analog.

Due to the advantages of digital technology, it has largely supplanted analog technology. In the 2000s, digital technology became even more pervasive as smartphones, tablets, and other digital devices became common, integrating digital technology into daily life. On June 12, 2009, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated that all television stations must switch from analog to digital. Streaming services replaced physical media for music and video, and digital formats became the standard for almost all types of media.

The shift from analog to digital has transformed how we create, store, and share information, leading to a more interconnected and efficient world.

A digital clock